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Abstraction can be useful as a labor saver, but it is actually more important than that. It is the key to making computer programs understandable to humans (which is essential, whether you re writing them or reading them). The computers themselves are perfectly happy with very concrete and specific instructions, but humans generally aren t. If you ask me for directions to the cinema, for example, you wouldn t want me to answer, Walk 10 steps forward, turn 90 degrees to your left, walk another 5 steps, turn 45 degrees to your right, walk 123 steps. You would soon lose track, wouldn t you Now, if I instead told you to Walk down this street until you get to a bridge, cross the bridge, and the cinema is to your left, then you d certainly understand me. The point is that you already know how to walk down the street, and how to cross a bridge. You don t need explicit instructions on how to do either. You structure computer programs in a similar fashion. Your programs should be quite abstract, as in Download page, compute frequencies, print the frequency of each word. This is easily understandable. In fact, let s translate this high-level description to a Python program right now: page = download_page() freqs = compute_frequencies(page) for word, freq in freqs: print word, freq From reading this, you can understand what the program does. However, you haven t explicitly said anything about how it should do it. You just tell the computer to download the page and compute the frequencies. The specifics of these operations will have to be written somewhere else in separate function definitions.

There are numerous ways to import multiple products. The simple approach is to use a commaseparated-value (CSV) text file. It s fast, effective, and gets the job done. The other is a programmatic solution that would be more complex, but you gain flexibility in how the data is inputted.

As we just explained, the one-to-many relationship between the Publisher and Book model is set up in ActiveRecord by adding the has_many declaration to app/models/publisher.rb, as highlighted in the following code snippet: class Publisher < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :books validates_length_of :name, :in => 2..255 validates_uniqueness_of :name end This gives you access to, for example, the books.empty method: Publisher.find_by_name( Apress ).books.empty In case you are wondering, find_by_name is a dynamic finder, which dynamically (at runtime) creates a SQL query that returns the Apress publisher, or nil if the publisher is not found.

When importing through a CSV file, the best method is to actually perform an export, open the exported CSV file, and then populate it with your new data. If your Magento installation contains the sample data set, you can proceed to the export feature. If not, go ahead and create one product with all the information filled out (refer to 5). After you have one product in your inventory, you can start the export. First, log in through the Admin Panel by choosing System, Import/Export, Profiles. Select the Export All Products profile (see Figure 12-1).

A function is something you can call (possibly with some parameters, the things you put in the parentheses), which performs an action and returns a value. In general, you can tell whether something is callable or not with the built-in function callable: >>> >>> >>> >>> 0 >>> 1 import math x = 1 y = math.sqrt callable(x) callable(y)

Dynamic finders are features of ActiveRecord that allow you to use the ActiveRecord API instead of SQL to find objects. Dynamic finders use the find_by format and are created by ActiveRecord on the fly at runtime when calling the following, for example: Publisher.find_by_name( Apress ) As another example, you could make this call: book.find_all_by_title_and_page_count( Drinking Tequila for Dummies , 538) This dynamically creates a SQL query that finds all books having both the specified title and page count. Dynamic finders can also create a new record if the query returns no results. This is useful for implementing one-liners like this: Publisher.find_or_create_by_name( Apress ) This example creates the publisher Apress (if it doesn t already exist) and then returns it.

Figure 12-1. Import/Export profiles Within the Profile Wizard, you can set up exporting path, file name, and custom filters (see Figure 12-2). If you made changes, make sure that you click the Save and Continue Editing button.

As you learned in the previous section about ActiveRecord mappings, the many-to-one relationship between the Book and Publisher model is set up with ActiveRecord by using belongs_to. Change app/models/book.rb as shown here: class Book < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :publisher end The belongs_to allows you to access, for example, the name of the publisher from the Book model: Book.find_by_title( Elvis Peanut Butter Sandwich Recipes 5th Edition ).publisher.name